WNGZWZSS0110Аr╟q╟ql?          ■           ■                           Genevav AUTOSAVE.WKZ!▒0#<йd  ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ╟ ■ ■  -СjА(   l╚LШ№ ░` ╚ ╚А  ЁЁ╚ ЁАА@   @  lambda@  cg@   F@  epsilon@  Q@    K@  T@   nT@  nupper@   MW@   Aji@  glower@  gupper@  l@  Rlambda@ Klambda@  m@  W@  H@ omega@  Top@   c@ freq@  E@  ef@   nRT@  nlower@   Be@     Ie@ PhotFlux@  Rcp@   SNRp@н№?■Ж 9% 0 @ж▐ jдРC% 1 @$xbдAзаC 0 0 0  0%1 @  0% ,аr@%1 @'  1%0 2 ,├Ф╚p░0;%1└0 @" 0 0 0@N0%1 @ ,√GЦT/д<% 1 @!  0 0 0 0 0 0 @*  0 0 0 0 0@N0%1 @   0 @   ─1 @ №йё╥MbP? 0 1 @  2 ,├Ф╚p░0;%1└  @ R     Geneva @       Geneva @       Geneva @       Geneva @       Geneva @       Geneva @      Geneva @      Geneva @#  Inputs:  Outputs: @s  Concentration, cgЪЩЩЩЩЩ╣?  ╡g/mL  analyte molarity, c%B #√█_║k║>  mole/L @|  Solution flow rate, FUUUUUU╡?  mL/sec  frequency of transition, fo%B+)'JрнC  Hz @  'Overall atomization efficiency, epsilon╕ЕыQ╕Ю?  energy of transition, E%Bз8REZ╔!<  Joule @f  Total gas flow rate, QUUUUUU┼?  L/sec  Boltzman factor%B л~~┤╟м> @o  Flame/plasma temperature, TИг@  K  gas expansion factor, ef%Ўm└PM╟ @ @~    Relative # moles burnt gases, nTЁ?  Number in upper state , nupper%▓╟╡@дж@  cm-3 @А   #Relative # moles unburnt gases, nRTЁ?  Number in lower state, nlower%Bхr╣\╝,┘A  cm-3 @И   Formula weight of analyte, MW└O@  g/mole  Emission radiance, Be%B╠▌@АрG>   watts/sr/cm2 @Н   Wavelength of line, lambda`{╚e┼└y@  nm  $radiant cathode sensitivity, Rlambda%цZrРmб?   amps/watt @   Einstein A coefficient, AjiBД╫ЧA  sec-1  photoanodic current, Ie%BЕzC"╞└]>  amps @Р  (Statistical weight of lower state,glower@  !photon flux on detector, PhotFlux%B ▀√#╨Б■UA   photons/sec @К  )Statistical weight of upper state, gupper@   photoelectron emission rate, Rcp%B c╢┘gШ!A  sec-1 @l  Path length, lЁ?  cm  !Signal-to-photon-noise ratio, SNR% № #fЛ║З@ @L  +Quantum efficiency of photocathode, KlambdaЪЩЩЩЩЩ╣? @0  Photomultiplier gain, mАOA @1   Slit width, WЪЩЩЩЩЩй?  cm @2  Slit height, Hр?  cm @G  #Solid angle of monochromator, omega{оGсzФ?  sr @?  &Monochromator transmission factor, Topр? @-   Wavelength, nm   Temperature @  Tom O'Haver, 1997 @+   "Equations used in this simulation: @1!  analyte molarity, c   =0.001*cg/MW @@"  frequency of transition, fo  =(2.998E+17)/lambda @;#  energy of transition, E  =(6.6261E-34)*freq @8$  Boltzman factor  =exp(-E/(T*1.3805E-23)) @;%  gas expansion factor, ef  =(nT*T)/(nRT*298) @_&  Number in upper state , nupper  /=nlower*(gupper/glower)*exp(-E/(T*1.3805E-23)) @K'  Number in lower state, nlower  =6.00E+17*F*epsilon*c/(Q*ef) @?(  Emission radiance, Be  =Aji*E*nupper*l/(4*pi()) @L)  $radiant cathode sensitivity, Rlambda  =(Klambda*1.602E-19)/E @D*  photoanodic current, Ie  =m*Rlambda*W*H*omega*Top*Be @U+  !photon flux on detector, PhotFlux  "=Aji*nupper*W*H*omega*Top/(4*pi()) @C,   photoelectron emission rate, Rcp  =Klambda*PhotFlux @A-  !Signal-to-photon-noise ratio, SNR  =Rcp/sqrt(Rcp)АU╒i█              Chicago Geneva¤¤@d,Simplified model of a flame or plasma emission spectrometer. Includes the effects of solution transport, nebulization, excitation, collection of a fraction of the resulting light, and detection with a monochromator and PM tube. The main purpose of this simulation is to demonstrate that atomic emission spectroscopy is capable of trace analysis of solutions under the right conditions. Illustrates why high temperatures are required for elements with high excitation potentials. This model will not predict signal-to-noise ratios accurately in all cases because of its many simplifying assumptions: Thermal equilibrium; overall atomization efficiency includes nebulization efficiency and free-atom fraction (both assumed independent of temperature); no ionization or compound formation; self-absorption is ignored; only photon noise considered, no background emission; usual optical assumptions. Note: You may adjust the temperature and the wavelength with either the sliders or by typing into the inputs column.  Geneva((Аpp$у              ChicagoGeneva55@,Signal and photon SNR of atomic emission spectrometerGeneva((А HorizSlider@┐ m)))))¤' HorizSliderх  lambda №put ctvalue("HorizSlider",0) into lambda              Chicago Geneva`{╚e┼└y@i@Й@Ё?└В@А temperature@╒U$$$$$¤" temperatureх T №put ctvalue("temperature",0) into T              Chicago GenevaИг@@Я@И│@Ё?pз@АА