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Max. KlamexcessBdy= excess noise current, amps @ LamMaxi@Max. wavelengthRL@.A Load resistance, ohms @ block? 1=on 0=offt? integration time, sec @o Trr@! Temperature (K) of load resistor @n TcbaFl@ Temperature (K) of photocathode @b Ac? Area of photocathode, cm2 @[ CBmB thermionic constant @6  @6  @~ freq%BCGNCHzVd%RQQ@ voltage per dynode, volts @y E%Bކ Z$<Joulem%L!VXA multiplication factor @! Flux%A'~NY@ electrons/secrcp%A ݩ@ photoelectron emission rate @o" rt%@ :1*1>! cathode thermionic emission rate @y# Rlam%=|5?) radiant cathode responsivity (amps/watt) @\$ g% c @ gain per stage @c% ic%B"#3=< cathode photocurrent @\& ia%BW> anode photocurrent @e' ict%B UAս: cathode thermionic current @o( iat%B Ȳʶ&< anode thermionic (dark) current @`) Es%C#A2X.!P? signal voltage @k* alpha%(S8`? secondary emission factor @f+ deltaf%? noise bandwidth, Hz @q, sigmai%Bh 9= photosignal shot noise current @j- sigmat%BB)!< thermionic shot noise current @e. sigmad%BP3!= total dark noise current @d/ sigma%B+wŒ= total shot noise current @b0 sigmaJ%B2^7Xx> Johnson noise voltage @`1 sigman%B94? total noise voltage @e2 sigmav%Bj%1? total shot noise voltage @b3 sigmaf%B flicker noise voltage @_4 SNR%H<_9@ signal-to-noise ratio @e5 sigmadt%B6d>total dark noise voltage @i6    thresh%  kP!D@long wavelength threshold, nm  @8 0count @9 @ @ : 0 scopegain @;i@ @[<casetime noisesignaltime scopedisplay @^=dark?%B  35G#>%B^e=%%?%|pT-? @^>dark%@%B ]M.#>%B^e=%%@%ز\? @^?dark%@%B )>%B^e=%%@%sIt@ @^@dark%@%B '%B^e=%%@%w+ @^Adark%@%B .#'+O%B^e=%%@%sj @^Bdark%@%B 2N:%>%B^e=%%@%\<)? @^Cdark%@%B YX %B^e=%%@%]kO @^Ddark% @%B ;>%B^e=%% @%Qw ? @^Edark%"@%B 2?%B^e=%%"@%Y @ @^Fdark%$@%B ̦nK>%B^e=%%$@%RBܐ? @^Gdark%&@%B Vo#Ǿ%B^e=%%&@%{U8ѿ @^Hdark%(@%B V %B^e=%%(@%/") @^Idark%*@%B ޾%B^e=%%*@%: q @^Jdark%,@%B SB%B^e=%%,@%0V @^Kdark%.@%B  q!>%B^e=%%.@%-%B^e=%%0@%Q4K@ @_Mlight%1@%B >%B!A2X.!P?%%1@%glWY@ @_Nlight%2@%B e ?>%B!A2X.!P?%%2@%X@ @_Olight%3@%B ?%B!A2X.!P?%%3@%FݲY@ @_Plight%4@%B 4F>%B!A2X.!P?%%4@%\E45Y@ @_Qlight%5@%B ug%B!A2X.!P?%%5@%:X@ @_Rlight%6@%B wuv?%B!A2X.!P?%%6@%$371Z@ @_Slight%7@%B L*e>%B!A2X.!P?%%7@%4PX@ @_Tlight%8@%B kl%B!A2X.!P?%%8@%[f`V@ @_Ulight%9@%B =Jy%B!A2X.!P?%%9@%dV@ @_Vlight%:@%B ,},%B!A2X.!P?%%:@%}s]V@ @_Wlight%;@%B M/%B!A2X.!P?%%;@%guW@ @_Xlight%<@%B 4+W{L>%B!A2X.!P?%%<@%w.tOY@ @_Ylight%=@%B ?l 2?%B!A2X.!P?%%=@%+K0-EqZ@ @_Zlight%>@%B &?%B!A2X.!P?%%>@%z3[@ @_[light%?@%B k_!j?%B!A2X.!P?%%?@%iXR[@ @_\light%@@%B %B!A2X.!P?%%@@%KC W@ @_]light%@@%B R# %B!A2X.!P?%%@@%JV@ @_^light%A@%B D(?%B!A2X.!P?%%A@%!=eY@ @^_dark%A@%B k]9>%B^e=%%A@%V8j? @^`dark%B@%B ke~%B^e=%%B@%5r8 @^adark%B@%B #/j>%B^e=%%B@%NX9@ @^bdark%C@%B \~B>%B^e=%%C@%_a? @^cdark%C@%B M8B%B^e=%%C@%*S݂ @^ddark%D@%B Ԫ)>%B^e=%%D@%`1k? @^edark%D@%B =j0P>%B^e=%%D@%7c]U? @^fdark%E@%B %B^e=%%E@%wՊ- @^gdark%E@%B e>%B^e=%%E@%J{ŀ? @^hdark%F@%B Xs%B^e=%%F@%QUN3u @^idark%F@%B ,"Ծ%B^e=%%F@%G+߿ @^jdark%G@%B C&%B^e=%%G@%rɤ @^kdark%G@%B z޾%B^e=%%G@%_Y @^ldark%H@%B [*>%B^e=%%H@%͑HH9? @^mdark%H@%B m>%B^e=%%H@%p&? @^ndark%I@%B >%B^e=%%I@%rK}? kMMMM.iaMbP?:e_SAnode current exceeds 1 mA maximum; phototube may be damaged by excessive current.  icư>:WQECathode current exceeds 1 A maximum; phototube may exhibit fatigue.  lambdathresh:  block  block =nKon recalc if ia > .001 put "Anode current exceeds 1 mA maximum; phototube may be damaged by excessive current." into B1 else put " " into B1 end if if ic > .000001 put "Cathode current exceeds 1 A maximum; phototube may exhibit fatigue." into B2 else put " " into B2 end if if lambda > thresh put 0 into block else put 1 into block end if end recalc on idle recalc range c62..g111 repaint object 75 end idle@X = (N߿p<  Chicago Geneva++@,volt/cm volt/cm mvolt/cm mvolt/cm mvolt/cm Geneva((8V++  @UF  NTU+  8??? 8O  RM 7;;;;5$$@ RadioButtons4  scopegainput 10^ctvalue("RadioButtons",0) into scopegain recalc Chicago Geneva10111100110111K =n=n2ti |?I@$@8>nČ$@1Y@$@4ʇ3 9$G>$@ <22@2(=n=nCIPj  Chicago Geneva@, oscilloscope display  Geneva Geneva Geneva((8DT  Slider?7+////)$@Slider4Phiput 10^ctvalue("Slider",0) into Phi recalc Chicago GenevaB,0?&@ b=@ja Chicago Geneva..@, Photomultiplier simulation (chopped light beam) Select the photomultiplier, load resistor, and integration time from the pop-up menus; change the other variables with the sliders. Graph at right shows the detector signal during a portion of the chopper cycle (light-off, light-on, and light-off) . Chicago Geneva Geneva Chicago((23<  Chicago Geneva@,Select detector Geneva((;u Chicago Geneva @,Load resistor Geneva(( PopupMenu:{j m' PopupMenu detectordetector?9K LamMax?Kmax"<Ec  kk@9K LamMax?Kmax"<Ec  k@9K LamMax?Kmaxg'<Ec  k@9Q LamMax?Kmax"<Ec333333?k`@9Q LamMax?Kmaxg'<Ec333333?kput ctvalue("PopupMenu",0) into detector case detector when 1 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put 9 into k when 2 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put 13 into k when 3 put 400 into LamMax put .1 into Kmax put 2.7e-19 into Ec put 9 into k when 4 put 200 into LamMax put .25 into Kmax put 3e-19 into Ec put .3 into k when 5 put 200 into LamMax put .5 into Kmax put 2.7e-19 into Ec put .3 into k end case recalc Chicago Chicago Photomultiplier 1 PPhotomultiplier 2 PPhotomultiplier 3P Phototube PSi photodiode S"Slider9-13333-{Gz?Slider0 flicfacput 0.01*ctvalue("Slider",0) into flicfac recalc Chicago Geneva??? Slider8Ы+(((("Slider lambdaput ctvalue("Slider",0) into lambda recalc Chicago Genevai&u@i@@?@@ 6v  Chicago Geneva @,Integration time Geneva((5u Chicago Geneva @,Load resistor Geneva((4"   Chicago Chicago@,sec. Chicago((2u Chicago Symbol @,Phototube temperature, K Geneva((1 Chicago Geneva @,PMT applied voltage, Volts Geneva((20  ChicagoGeneva @,% flicker (100x) GenevaSymbol((2/"# ChicagoSymbol @,Log (F), watts  GenevaSymbol((+ Chicago Geneva  @,Wavelength, nm  Geneva(( Slider)B'$$$$SliderTcput ctvalue("Slider",0) into Tc recalc Chicago GenevabaFl@I@r@?@o@ PopupMenu( 1;;;;5+$@@ PopupMenu.4RLput 10^(2+ctvalue("PopupMenu",0)) into RL recalc Chicago Chicago 1 Kohm110 Kohm1100 Kohm11 Megohm1 10 Megohm1 100 Megohm1 1000 Megohm 1K&  3''''! PopupMenutput value(ctstring("PopupMenu",0)) into t recalc  Chicago Chicago 0.0100.0300.100.301.013.03Slider$.6&####SliderVput ctvalue("Slider",0) into V recalc Chicago Geneva%I$I@y@@@?@H Chicago Geneva@,voltage supply  Geneva((jޯ   Chicago Geneva@,Load resistor, RL  Geneva((@  Chicago Geneva@, photomultiplier  Geneva((2   Chicago Geneva@,Monochromator  Geneva Geneva((    Chicago Geneva@,Chopper  Geneva((@+ <<8  "  ^??  ???'/?7?86  "6  8տFF$$?8꿐???8   ?8 jkkH2y H208 ))(/8 jy +8 ++JJ&P&P8++ P P8  8  4@ձ  <U[  ?<I   4jx 8ͤ  @@  @L (@WPJ